This dissertation examines clean energy supply chains in the context of the just transition and circular economy frameworks, focusing on a central technology for zero-emissions transportation: lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles (EVs). The author focuses on three phases of the LIB life cycle: mineral extraction, component and cell manufacturing, and end-of-life management. In Chapter 1, the author analyzes an ongoing lithium development in Southeast California (“Lithium Valley”) through the lenses of distributive, procedural, recognition, and restorative justice. Chapter 2 quantifies the environmental impacts of producing battery cells in a manufacturing hub powered by geothermal energy. The author uses life cycle assessment to estimate greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts compared to other production scenarios and calculate the anticipated water use, energy demand, and waste generation in the context of local resource constraints. Finally, in Chapter 3, the author explores the network of stakeholders that handle retired EV batteries in North America. Using semi-structured interviews, the author charts out the current market-based system, discuss how stakeholders expect their sectors to evolve in the future, and identify how policymakers can support domestic reuse and recycling. Taken together, the author hopes this work will provide a holistic snapshot of the rapidly evolving battery landscape, while contributing actionable ideas about how we can build a climate-stabilized future where communities are protected, and materials are reused and recycled responsibly.
