The spike in gasoline and diesel fuel prices during the spring of 2022 provided a unique opportunity to evaluate how changes in transportation costs affect travel behavior, including changes in small and rural communities. The researchers created an internet-based survey that asked people living in Vermont how they responded to the recent increase in gasoline and diesel fuel prices and what they plan to do if prices remain high. The researchers included questions about changes in the vehicles they use and plans to purchase more fuel-efficient or electric vehicles. The researchers also asked about changes made to travel for essential trips, including trips for work, education, medical appointments, and food, and less essential trips including visiting friends and family, recreational activities, and going to social events. For each trip type, essential and less-essential, respondents could make one or more selections from a list of possible actions that could have been taken in response to higher fuel costs. Actions included using alternative modes of transportation, completing more activities at or from home, carpooling and ridesharing, seeking closer destinations for essential and non-essential activities, trip chaining, moving to a more transportation-efficient location, and adjusting household budgets. Similarly, respondents were asked to indicate the likelihood that they would make any of the previously listed actions if prices were expected to remain high for more than one year on a 5-point Likert scale. The researchers also include a set of questions about potential barriers to taking action to avoid higher fuel costs. This included questions about concerns surrounding EV range, charging access, and performance. The researchers also asked if respondents would change (decrease or increase) the amount of driving they do if various improvements to public transportation and active travel infrastructure were made or if the number of local employment, shopping, and education opportunities were increased. Prior research finds that attitudes and beliefs can be significant factors in explaining travel behavior and choices; therefore, the researchers also consider attitudes and beliefs in this study. The researchers asked about attitudes and beliefs related to sustainability, car culture, and dependence, the role of government, and technological advancement. The researchers hypothesized that these attitudes and beliefs are not only important in explaining how people respond to increasing fuel prices but that they may also vary across community types (urban to rural). Lastly, the researchers asked respondents to describe the type of community they live in (rural, suburban, or urban) and provide the name of the town where they reside along with a standard set of socioeconomic questions
