This project examines who is resistant to zero emission vehicles and why, by using survey data from repeated cross-sectional samples of all-car buying households in California in the years 2017, 2019, and 2021.
This research examines both passive and active consumer resistance to EVs. Passive resistance may be characterized as never entering a consideration and purchase process, i.e., unawareness. Active resistance is a decision made as the result of evaluation—up to and including the experience of owning and driving an EV.
